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27. Text Classification in Python

By Bernd Klein. Last modified: 17 Feb 2022.

Introduction

In the previous chapter, we have deduced the formula for calculating the probability that a document d belongs to a category or class c, denoted as P(c|d).

We have transformed the standard formular for P(c|d), as it is used in many treatises1, into a numerically stable form.

We use a Naive Bayes classifier for our implementation in Python. The formal introduction into the Naive Bayes approach can be found in our previous chapter.

Bag of Words

Python is ideal for text classification, because of it's strong string class with powerful methods. Furthermore the regular expression module re of Python provides the user with tools, which are way beyond other programming languages.

The only downside might be that this Python implementation is not tuned for efficiency.

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Python Implementation of Previous Chapter

Document Representation

The document representation, which is based on the bag of word model, is illustrated in the following diagram:

Document Representation

Imports Needed

Our implementation needs the regular expression module re and the os module:

import re
import os

We will use in our implementation the function dict_merge_sum from the exercise 1 of our chapter on dictionaries:

def dict_merge_sum(d1, d2):
    """ Two dicionaries d1 and d2 with numerical values and
    possibly disjoint keys are merged and the values are added if
    the exist in both values, otherwise the missing value is taken to
    be 0"""
    
    return { k: d1.get(k, 0) + d2.get(k, 0) for k in set(d1) | set(d2) }

d1 = dict(a=4, b=5, d=8)
d2 = dict(a=1, d=10, e=9)

dict_merge_sum(d1, d2)

OUTPUT:

{'e': 9, 'd': 18, 'a': 5, 'b': 5}

BagOfWordsClass

class BagOfWords(object):
    """ Implementing a bag of words, words corresponding with their 
    frequency of usages in a "document" for usage by the 
    Document class, Category class and the Pool class."""
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.__number_of_words = 0
        self.__bag_of_words = {}
        
        
    def __add__(self, other):
        """ Overloading of the "+" operator to join two BagOfWords """
        
        erg = BagOfWords() 
        erg.__bag_of_words = dict_merge_sum(self.__bag_of_words, 
                                            other.__bag_of_words)
        return erg
        
    def add_word(self,word):
        """ A word is added in the dictionary __bag_of_words"""
        self.__number_of_words += 1
        if word in self.__bag_of_words:
            self.__bag_of_words[word] += 1
        else:
            self.__bag_of_words[word] = 1
    
    def len(self):
        """ Returning the number of different words of an object """
        return len(self.__bag_of_words)
    
    def Words(self):
        """ Returning a list of the words contained in the object """
        return self.__bag_of_words.keys()
    
        
    def BagOfWords(self):
        """ Returning the dictionary, containing the words (keys) with their frequency (values)"""
        return self.__bag_of_words
        
    def WordFreq(self,word):
        """ Returning the frequency of a word """
        if word in self.__bag_of_words:
            return self.__bag_of_words[word]
        else:
            return 0

The Document class

class Document(object):
    """ Used both for learning (training) documents and for testing documents. The optional parameter lear
    has to be set to True, if a classificator should be trained. If it is a test document learn has to be set to False. """
    _vocabulary = BagOfWords()
 
    def __init__(self, vocabulary):
        self.__name = ""
        self.__document_class = None
        self._words_and_freq = BagOfWords()
        Document._vocabulary = vocabulary
    
    def read_document(self,filename, learn=False):
        """ A document is read. It is assumed that the document is either encoded in utf-8 or in iso-8859... (latin-1).
        The words of the document are stored in a Bag of Words, i.e. self._words_and_freq = BagOfWords() """
        try:
            text = open(filename,"r", encoding='utf-8').read()
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            text = open(filename,"r", encoding='latin-1').read()
        text = text.lower()
        words = re.split(r"\W",text)

        self._number_of_words = 0
        for word in words:
            self._words_and_freq.add_word(word)
            if learn:
                Document._vocabulary.add_word(word)


    def __add__(self,other):
        """ Overloading the "+" operator. Adding two documents consists in adding the BagOfWords of the Documents """
        res = Document(Document._vocabulary)
        res._words_and_freq = self._words_and_freq + other._words_and_freq    
        return res
    
    def vocabulary_length(self):
        """ Returning the length of the vocabulary """
        return len(Document._vocabulary)
                
    def WordsAndFreq(self):
        """ Returning the dictionary, containing the words (keys) with their frequency (values) as contained
        in the BagOfWords attribute of the document"""
        return self._words_and_freq.BagOfWords()
        
    def Words(self):
        """ Returning the words of the Document object """
        d =  self._words_and_freq.BagOfWords()
        return d.keys()
    
    def WordFreq(self,word):
        """ Returning the number of times the word "word" appeared in the document """
        bow =  self._words_and_freq.BagOfWords()
        if word in bow:
            return bow[word]
        else:
            return 0
                
    def __and__(self, other):
        """ Intersection of two documents. A list of words occuring in both documents is returned """
        intersection = []
        words1 = self.Words()
        for word in other.Words():
            if word in words1:
                intersection += [word]
        return intersection

Category / Collections of Documents

This is the class consisting of the documents for one category /class. We use the term category instead of "class" so that it will not be confused with Python classes:

class Category(Document):
    def __init__(self, vocabulary):
        Document.__init__(self, vocabulary)
        self._number_of_docs = 0

    def Probability(self,word):
        """ returns the probabilty of the word "word" given the class "self" """
        voc_len = Document._vocabulary.len()
        SumN = 0
        for i in range(voc_len):
            SumN = Category._vocabulary.WordFreq(word)
        N = self._words_and_freq.WordFreq(word)
        erg = 1 + N
        erg /= voc_len + SumN
        return erg

    def __add__(self,other):
        """ Overloading the "+" operator. Adding two Category objects consists in adding the 
        BagOfWords of the Category objects """
        res = Category(self._vocabulary)
        res._words_and_freq = self._words_and_freq + other._words_and_freq 
 
        return res

    def SetNumberOfDocs(self, number):
        self._number_of_docs = number
    
    def NumberOfDocuments(self):
        return self._number_of_docs

The Pool class

The pool is the class, where the document classes are trained and kept:

class Pool(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.__document_classes = {}
        self.__vocabulary = BagOfWords()
            
    def sum_words_in_class(self, dclass):
        """ The number of times all different words of a dclass appear in a class """
        sum = 0
        for word in self.__vocabulary.Words():
            WaF = self.__document_classes[dclass].WordsAndFreq()
            if word in WaF:
                sum +=  WaF[word]
        return sum
    
    def learn(self, directory, dclass_name):
        """ directory is a path, where the files of the class with the name dclass_name can be found """
        x = Category(self.__vocabulary)
        dir = os.listdir(directory)
        for file in dir:
            d = Document(self.__vocabulary)
            #print(directory + "/" + file)
            d.read_document(directory + "/" +  file, learn = True)
            x = x + d
        self.__document_classes[dclass_name] = x
        x.SetNumberOfDocs(len(dir))

    
    def Probability(self, doc, dclass = ""):
        """Calculates the probability for a class dclass given a document doc"""
        if dclass:
            sum_dclass = self.sum_words_in_class(dclass)
            prob = 0
        
            d = Document(self.__vocabulary)
            d.read_document(doc)

            for j in self.__document_classes:
                sum_j = self.sum_words_in_class(j)
                prod = 1
                for i in d.Words():
                    wf_dclass = 1 + self.__document_classes[dclass].WordFreq(i)
                    wf = 1 + self.__document_classes[j].WordFreq(i)
                    r = wf * sum_dclass / (wf_dclass * sum_j)
                    prod *= r
                prob += prod * self.__document_classes[j].NumberOfDocuments() / self.__document_classes[dclass].NumberOfDocuments()
            if prob != 0:
                return 1 / prob
            else:
                return -1
        else:
            prob_list = []
            for dclass in self.__document_classes:
                prob = self.Probability(doc, dclass)
                prob_list.append([dclass,prob])
            prob_list.sort(key = lambda x: x[1], reverse = True)
            return prob_list

    def DocumentIntersectionWithClasses(self, doc_name):
        res = [doc_name]
        for dc in self.__document_classes:
            d = Document(self.__vocabulary)
            d.read_document(doc_name, learn=False)
            o = self.__document_classes[dc] &  d
            intersection_ratio = len(o) / len(d.Words())
            res += (dc, intersection_ratio)
        return res

Using the Classifier

To be able to learn and test a classifier, we offer a "Learn and test set to Download". The module NaiveBayes consists of the code we have provided so far, but it can be downloaded for convenience as NaiveBayes.py The learn and test sets contain (old) jokes labelled in six categories: "clinton", "lawyer", "math", "medical", "music", "sex".

import os

DClasses = ["clinton",  "lawyer",  "math",  "medical",  "music",  "sex"]

base = "data/jokes/learn/"
p = Pool()
for dclass in DClasses:
    p.learn(base + dclass, dclass)



base = "data/jokes/test/"
results = []
for dclass in DClasses:
    dir = os.listdir(base + dclass)
    for file in dir:
        res = p.Probability(base + dclass + "/" + file)
        results.append(f"{dclass}: {file}: {str(res)}")
        
print(results[:10])

OUTPUT:

["clinton: clinton13.txt: [['clinton', 0.9999999999994136], ['lawyer', 4.836910173924097e-13], ['medical', 1.0275816932480502e-13], ['sex', 2.259655644772941e-20], ['music', 1.9461534629330693e-23], ['math', 1.555345744116502e-26]]", "clinton: clinton53.txt: [['clinton', 1.0], ['medical', 9.188673872554947e-27], ['lawyer', 1.8427106994083583e-27], ['sex', 1.5230675259429155e-27], ['music', 1.1695224390877453e-31], ['math', 1.1684669623309053e-33]]", "clinton: clinton43.txt: [['clinton', 0.9999999931196475], ['lawyer', 5.860057747465498e-09], ['medical', 9.607574904397297e-10], ['sex', 5.894524557321511e-11], ['music', 3.7727719397911977e-13], ['math', 2.147560501376133e-13]]", "clinton: clinton3.txt: [['clinton', 0.9999999999999962], ['music', 2.2781994419060397e-15], ['medical', 1.1698375401225822e-15], ['lawyer', 4.527194012614925e-16], ['sex', 1.5454131826930606e-17], ['math', 7.079852963638893e-18]]", "clinton: clinton33.txt: [['clinton', 0.9999999999990845], ['sex', 4.541025305456911e-13], ['lawyer', 3.126691883689181e-13], ['medical', 1.3677618519146697e-13], ['music', 1.2066374685712134e-14], ['math', 7.905002788169863e-19]]", "clinton: clinton23.txt: [['clinton', 0.9999999990044788], ['music', 9.903297627375497e-10], ['lawyer', 4.599127712898122e-12], ['math', 5.204515552253461e-13], ['sex', 6.840062626646056e-14], ['medical', 3.2400016635923044e-15]]", "lawyer: lawyer203.txt: [['lawyer', 0.9786187307635054], ['music', 0.009313838824293683], ['clinton', 0.007226994270357742], ['sex', 0.004650195377700058], ['medical', 0.00019018203662436446], ['math', 5.87275188878159e-08]]", "lawyer: lawyer233.txt: [['music', 0.7468245708838688], ['lawyer', 0.2505817879364303], ['clinton', 0.0025913149343268467], ['medical', 1.71345437802292e-06], ['sex', 6.081558428153343e-07], ['math', 4.635153054869146e-09]]", "lawyer: lawyer273.txt: [['clinton', 1.0], ['lawyer', 3.1987559043152286e-46], ['music', 1.3296257614591338e-54], ['math', 9.431988300101994e-85], ['sex', 3.1890112632916554e-91], ['medical', 1.5171123775659174e-99]]", "lawyer: lawyer213.txt: [['lawyer', 0.9915688655897351], ['music', 0.005065592126015617], ['clinton', 0.003206989396712446], ['math', 6.94882106646087e-05], ['medical', 6.923689581139796e-05], ['sex', 1.982778106069595e-05]]"]

Footnotes

1 Please see our "Further Reading" section of our previous chapter

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