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Data Visualization with Pandas
Introduction
It is seldom a good idea to present your scientific or business data solely in rows and columns of numbers. We rather use various kinds of diagrams to visualize our data. This makes the communication of information more efficiently and easy to grasp. In other words, it makes complex data more accessible and understandable. The numerical data can be graphically encoded with line charts, bar charts, pie charts, histograms, scatterplots and others.
We have already seen the powerful capabilities of for creating publication-quality plots. Matplotlib is a low-level tool to achieve this goal, because you have to construe your plots by adding up basic components, like legends, tick labels, contours and so on. Pandas provides various plotting possibilities, which make like a lot easier.
We will start with an example for a line plot.
Line Plot in Pandas
Series
Both the Pandas Series and DataFrame objects support a plot method.
You can see a simple example of a line plot with for a Series object. We use a simple Python list "data" as the data for the range. The index will be used for the x values, or the domain.
import pandas as pd data = [100, 120, 140, 180, 200, 210, 214] s = pd.Series(data, index=range(len(data))) s.plot()The above Python code returned the following:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe98be8a710>
It is possible to suppress the usage of the index by setting the keyword parameter "use_index" to False. In our example this will give us the same result:
s.plot(use_index=False)The above Python code returned the following result:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe98be8a710>
We will experiment now with a Series which has an index consisting of alphabetical values.
fruits = ['apples', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'pears'] quantities = [20, 33, 52, 10] S = pd.Series(quantities, index=fruits) S.plot()We received the following output:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe98be8a710>
Line Plots in DataFrames
We will introduce now the plot method of a DataFrame. We define a dcitionary with the population and area figures. This dictionary can be used to create the DataFrame, which we want to use for plotting:
import pandas as pd cities = {"name": ["London", "Berlin", "Madrid", "Rome", "Paris", "Vienna", "Bucharest", "Hamburg", "Budapest", "Warsaw", "Barcelona", "Munich", "Milan"], "population": [8615246, 3562166, 3165235, 2874038, 2273305, 1805681, 1803425, 1760433, 1754000, 1740119, 1602386, 1493900, 1350680], "area" : [1572, 891.85, 605.77, 1285, 105.4, 414.6, 228, 755, 525.2, 517, 101.9, 310.4, 181.8] } city_frame = pd.DataFrame(cities, columns=["population", "area"], index=cities["name"]) print(city_frame)
population area London 8615246 1572.00 Berlin 3562166 891.85 Madrid 3165235 605.77 Rome 2874038 1285.00 Paris 2273305 105.40 Vienna 1805681 414.60 Bucharest 1803425 228.00 Hamburg 1760433 755.00 Budapest 1754000 525.20 Warsaw 1740119 517.00 Barcelona 1602386 101.90 Munich 1493900 310.40 Milan 1350680 181.80
The following code plots our DataFrame city_frame. We will multiply the area column by 1000, because otherwise the "area" line would not be visible or in other words would be overlapping with the x axis:
city_frame["area"] *= 1000 city_frame.plot()After having executed the Python code above we received the following:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe9b13f2c50>
This plot is not coming up to our expectations, because not all the city names appear on the x axis. We can change this by defining the xticks explicitly with "range(len((city_frame.index))". Furthermore, we have to set use_index to True, so that we get city names and not numbers from 0 to len((city_frame.index):
city_frame.plot(xticks=range(len(city_frame.index)), use_index=True)This gets us the following result:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe983cd72e8>
Now, we have a new problem. The city names are overlapping. There is remedy at hand for this problem as well. We can rotate the strings by 90 degrees. The names will be printed vertically afterwards:
city_frame.plot(xticks=range(len(city_frame.index)), use_index=True, rot=90)After having executed the Python code above we received the following output:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe98bbf6c88>
Using Twin Axes
We multiplied the area column by 1000 to get a proper output. Instead of this, we could have used twin axes. We will demonstrate this in the following example. We will recreate the city_frame DataFrame to get the original area column:
city_frame = pd.DataFrame(cities, columns=["population", "area"], index=cities["name"]) print(city_frame)
population area London 8615246 1572.00 Berlin 3562166 891.85 Madrid 3165235 605.77 Rome 2874038 1285.00 Paris 2273305 105.40 Vienna 1805681 414.60 Bucharest 1803425 228.00 Hamburg 1760433 755.00 Budapest 1754000 525.20 Warsaw 1740119 517.00 Barcelona 1602386 101.90 Munich 1493900 310.40 Milan 1350680 181.80
To get a twin axes represenation of our diagram, we need subplots from the module matplotlib and the function "twinx":
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig, ax = plt.subplots() fig.suptitle("City Statistics") ax.set_ylabel("Population") ax.set_xlabel("Cities") ax2 = ax.twinx() ax2.set_ylabel("Area") city_frame["population"].plot(ax=ax, style="b-", xticks=range(len(city_frame.index)), use_index=True, rot=90) city_frame["area"].plot(ax=ax2, style="g-", use_index=True, rot=90) ax.legend(["population number"], loc=2) ax2.legend(loc=1) plt.show()
We can also create twin axis directly in Pandas without the aid of Matplotlib. We demonstrate this in the code of the following program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt ax1= city_frame["population"].plot(style="b-", xticks=range(len(city_frame.index)), use_index=True, rot=90) ax2 = ax1.twinx() city_frame["area"].plot(ax=ax2, style="g-", use_index=True, #secondary_y=True, rot=90) ax1.legend(loc = (.7,.9), frameon = False) ax2.legend( loc = (.7, .85), frameon = False) plt.show()
Multiple Y Axes
Let's add another axes to our city_frame. We will add a column with the population density, i.e. the number of people per square kilometre:
city_frame["density"] = city_frame["population"] / city_frame["area"] city_frameThe above Python code returned the following:
| population | area | density | |
|---|---|---|---|
| London | 8615246 | 1572.00 | 5480.436387 |
| Berlin | 3562166 | 891.85 | 3994.131300 |
| Madrid | 3165235 | 605.77 | 5225.143206 |
| Rome | 2874038 | 1285.00 | 2236.605447 |
| Paris | 2273305 | 105.40 | 21568.358634 |
| Vienna | 1805681 | 414.60 | 4355.236372 |
| Bucharest | 1803425 | 228.00 | 7909.758772 |
| Hamburg | 1760433 | 755.00 | 2331.699338 |
| Budapest | 1754000 | 525.20 | 3339.680122 |
| Warsaw | 1740119 | 517.00 | 3365.800774 |
| Barcelona | 1602386 | 101.90 | 15725.083415 |
| Munich | 1493900 | 310.40 | 4812.822165 |
| Milan | 1350680 | 181.80 | 7429.482948 |
Now we have three columns to plot. For this purpose, we will create three axes for our values:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig, ax = plt.subplots() fig.suptitle("City Statistics") ax.set_ylabel("Population") ax.set_xlabel("Citites") ax_area, ax_density = ax.twinx(), ax.twinx() ax_area.set_ylabel("Area") ax_density.set_ylabel("Density") rspine = ax_density.spines['right'] rspine.set_position(('axes', 1.25)) ax_density.set_frame_on(True) ax_density.patch.set_visible(False) fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.75) city_frame["population"].plot(ax=ax, style="b-", xticks=range(len(city_frame.index)), use_index=True, rot=90) city_frame["area"].plot(ax=ax_area, style="g-", use_index=True, rot=90) city_frame["density"].plot(ax=ax_density, style="r-", use_index=True, rot=90) plt.show()
A More Complex Example
We use the previously gained knowledge in the following example. We use a file with visitor statistics from our website python-course.eu. The content of the file looks like this:
Month Year "Unique visitors" "Number of visits" Pages Hits Bandwidth Unit Jun 2010 11 13 42 290 2.63 MB Jul 2010 27 39 232 939 9.42 MB Aug 2010 75 87 207 1,096 17.37 MB Sep 2010 171 221 480 2,373 39.63 MB ... Apr 2018 434,346 663,327 1,143,762 7,723,268 377.56 GB May 2018 402,390 619,993 1,124,517 7,307,779 394.72 GB Jun 2018 369,739 573,102 1,034,335 6,773,820 386.60 GB Jul 2018 352,670 552,519 967,778 6,551,347 375.86 GB Aug 2018 407,512 642,542 1,223,319 7,829,987 472.37 GB Sep 2018 463,937 703,327 1,187,224 8,468,723 514.46 GB Oct 2018 537,343 826,290 1,403,176 10,013,025 620.55 GB Nov 2018 514,072 781,335 1,295,594 9,487,834 642.16 GB
%matplotlib inline import pandas as pd data_path = "data1/" data = pd.read_csv(data_path + "python_course_monthly_history.txt", quotechar='"', thousands=",", delimiter=r"\s+") def unit_convert(x): value, unit = x if unit == "MB": value *= 1024 elif unit == "GB": value *= 1048576 # i.e. 1024 **2 return value b_and_u= data[["Bandwidth", "Unit"]] bandwidth = b_and_u.apply(unit_convert, axis=1) del data["Unit"] data["Bandwidth"] = bandwidth month_year = data[["Month", "Year"]] month_year = month_year.apply(lambda x: x[0] + " " + str(x[1]), axis=1) data["Month"] = month_year del data["Year"] data.set_index("Month", inplace=True) del data["Bandwidth"] data[["Unique visitors", "Number of visits"]].plot(use_index=True, rot=90, xticks=range(1, len(data.index),4))The Python code above returned the following:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe9836b27b8>
ratio = pd.Series(data["Number of visits"] / data["Unique visitors"], index=data.index) ratio.plot(use_index=True, xticks=range(1, len(ratio.index),4), rot=90)The previous Python code returned the following result:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe9838e5860>
Converting String Columns to Floats
In the folder "data1", we have a file called
"tiobe_programming_language_usage_nov2018.txt"
with a ranking of programming languages by usage. The data has been collected and created by TIOBE in November 2018.
The file looks like this:
Position "Language" Percentage 1 Java 16.748% 2 C 14.396% 3 C++ 8.282% 4 Python 7.683% 5 "Visual Basic .NET" 6.490% 6 C# 3.952% 7 JavaScript 2.655% 8 PHP 2.376% 9 SQL 1.844%
The percentage column contains strings with a percentage sign. We can get rid of this when we read in the data with read_csv. All we have to do is define a converter function, which we to read_csv via the converters dictionary, which contains column names as keys and references to functions as values.
def strip_percentage_sign(x): return float(x.strip('%')) data_path = "data1/" progs = pd.read_csv(data_path + "tiobe_programming_language_usage_nov2018.txt", quotechar='"', thousands=",", index_col=1, converters={'Percentage':strip_percentage_sign}, delimiter=r"\s+") del progs["Position"] print(progs.head(6)) progs.plot(xticks=range(1, len(progs.index)), use_index=True, rot=90) plt.show()
Percentage Language Java 16.748 C 14.396 C++ 8.282 Python 7.683 Visual Basic .NET 6.490 C# 3.952
Bar Plots in Pandas
To create bar plots with Pandas is as easy as plotting line plots. All we have to do is add the keyword parameter "kind" to the plot method and set it to "bar".
A Simple Example
import pandas as pd data = [100, 120, 140, 180, 200, 210, 214] s = pd.Series(data, index=range(len(data))) s.plot(kind="bar")After having executed the Python code above we received the following result:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe98349a5c0>
Bar Plot for Programming Language Usage
Let's get back to our programming language ranking. We will printout now a bar plot of the six most used programming languages:
progs[:6].plot(kind="bar")The above code returned the following output:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe983ac05c0>
Now the whole chart with all programming languages:
progs.plot(kind="bar")This gets us the following result:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe983a84208>
Colorize A Bar Plot
It is possible to colorize the bars indivually by assigning a list to the keyword parameter color:
my_colors = ['b', 'r', 'c', 'y', 'g', 'm'] progs[:6].plot(kind="bar", color=my_colors)After having executed the Python code above we received the following:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe9834509e8>
Pie Chart Diagrams in Pandas
A simple example:
import pandas as pd fruits = ['apples', 'pears', 'cherries', 'bananas'] series = pd.Series([20, 30, 40, 10], index=fruits, name='series') series.plot.pie(figsize=(6, 6))The previous Python code returned the following output:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe9832fe048>
fruits = ['apples', 'pears', 'cherries', 'bananas'] series = pd.Series([20, 30, 40, 10], index=fruits, name='series') explode = [0, 0.10, 0.40, 0.7] series.plot.pie(figsize=(6, 6), explode=explode)The previous Python code returned the following:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fe983370198>
We will replot the previous bar plot as a pie chart plot:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt my_colors = ['b', 'r', 'c', 'y', 'g', 'm'] progs.plot.pie(subplots=True, legend=False)After having executed the Python code above we received the following result:
array([<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x7fe9832440b8>], dtype=object)
It looks ugly that we see the y label "Percentage" inside our pie plot. We can remove it by calling "plt.ylabel('')"
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt my_colors = ['b', 'r', 'c', 'y', 'g', 'm'] progs.plot.pie(subplots=True, legend=False) plt.ylabel('')The Python code above returned the following:
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fe983117b70>
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